Composite images of the flapping wings at the end of up- and down-strokes. ( a ) The clap-and-fling effect is strong with wing distance of 16 mm (0.64 cm ); ( b ) The clap-and-fling effect is almost diminished with wing distance of 40 mm (1.6 cm ) Reprinted from Ref. [ 42 ].
Meanings throughout the flapping-wing action. ( an effective ) Feather axis, flapping axis, and you may flapping position ? ; ( b ) This new parabolic curve modeling camber off a wing point. Reprinted from Ref. [ forty-two ].
The latest low-dimensional forces for the wing distance regarding 16 mm from the hovering computed on most recent interlock and throughout the most readily useful interlock utilized in the previous really works. Reprinted away from Ref. [ 42 ].
Disperse areas inside 75%R-flat throughout off-stroke clap to have J = 1. Due to inertia force resulted on side bulk, the new wing camber transform away from bend-right up ( a beneficial , b ) so you’re able to contour-off ( c , d ). The new white contours are definitely the intersections amongst the wings and airplanes, symbolizing wing sections. A number one sides was designated having light groups.
Circulate sphere for the 75%R-plane during up-heart attack affair to have J = 1. The reduced tension part ap-pears to begin with nearby the best corners ( good – c ), upcoming slowly grows to your whole room between your wings ( d – h ). A respected edges is actually marked which have light groups.
Flow areas into the 75%R-jet through the right up-heart attack affair to have J = 1. The low stress region ap-pears to start with nearby the best sides ( an excellent – c ), after that gradually expands into whole place between the wings ( d – h ). A number one sides try noted having light groups.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) 
Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Brand new wing origins was noted having light circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
This new side roots is actually noted with white sectors
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
New side root was designated that have light circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The fresh side root is marked which have white circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.