First Investigation
We start our analysis with descriptive analyses and some tentative tests of Hypothesis 1, which predicted that gender equality would be positively correlated with gender differences in value priorities. First, we replicated the cross-sectional association between gender equality and gender differences in personality by correlating GEI with the values. For the individual values, the correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) are .30 for Achievement (p = .096), .62 for Benevolence (p < .001), .47 for Power (p = .007), .47 for Universalism (p = .007), and .15 for Stimulation (p = .480). To obtain a broader measure of personality differences, we also calculated an index that captures the average gender difference across all five values. The correlation between this index and GEI was .55 (p < .001). Together these findings mimic previous cross-sectional studies. For example, Falk and Hermle (2018) report a correlation of .56 between gender equality and a summary index of gender differences in preferences. Our tentative analysis renders initial partial support for Hypothesis 1.
Turning to Theory dos, which hypothesized you to definitely gender variations in most of the four value goals manage gather over the years round the countries, Fig. step 1 shows the average get across-nation difference in philosophy ranging from folk between https://datingranking.net/cs/meetmindful-recenze to getting the fresh new 17 available places. We mediocre the differences for the past two series and you may subtract the average from the first two series from ESS to minimize year-to-12 months movement. Negative results imply an overlap in the viewpoints ranging from visitors and confident philosophy suggest a beneficial divergence. The brand new development is pretty consistent round the places from the desire for the a lot more convergence with the all of the five values. Switzerland try deviating throughout the pattern due to the fact all thinking idea on hook desire with the divergence. There are also deviations in the convergence development towards the individuals values in various regions whilst the fundamental development leans with the convergence.
Average improvement in gender variations in beliefs out-of in order to getting 17 European countries. The number graphed denotes the alteration when you look at the sheer gender difference in and . Negative wide variety indicate that the real difference in the viewpoints were coming down (converging) having a certain worthy of within the a specific nation whereas self-confident number imply a boost in gender change (divergence)
A harsh way of demonstrating this pattern is via pooling every samples (countries) and you can evaluating new standard variation (Cohen’s d) between anyone in the 1st a couple of swells off ESS (2002–2004) for the last two surf regarding ESS (2014–2016). Dining table dos means that Cohen’s d decrease for all viewpoints which have the common reduced total of fifteen%. This easy breakdown of your info is prior to Hypothesis dos, and therefore claims you to men’s room and you can women’s really worth priorities gather over time.
Longitudinal Patterns
Turning to the longitudinal models, we first ran repeated measurement models with only time (see Table 3). Negative time coefficients mean that the difference between men and women is decreasing over time (i.e., converging) because the coefficients correspond to the average change in value differences between men and women across time points. Looking at specific values, Benevolence, Power, and Achievement are converging over time, whereas Universalism and Stimulation display no significant change over time. The effects are not substantial but they clearly refute the idea of a divergence in these values because men and women are becoming more alike over time. Hypothesis 2, predicting a gender convergence in values, is thus partly confirmed. Moreover, there is significant variation in intercept across countries (b = .15–.23, p < .001), but little or no variation in slope (Power: p = .040, all other ps > .22. In other words, the rate of change in value differences does not vary across countries. There is generally no covariance between intercept and slope, which indicates that the change in gender differences in values is not related to the size of the gender difference.